where e 2 is the distance between the center of the edge bolt and the end of the plate measured perpendicular to the load transfer direction, p 2 is the distance between the centers of neighboring bolts measured perpendicular to the load transfer direction, and d 0 is the diameter of the bolt hole.

By approximately ignoring the corner rounding for a perfect hexagon the relation of the distance across points s' and the distance across flats s is s' = s / cos(30°) = 1.1547⋅ s. For preloaded bolted connections which are slip-resistant at the Serviceability Limit State or the Ultimate Limit State the corresponding shear load F v,Ed should not exceed the design slip resistance as specified in EN1993-1-8 §3.9 and Table 3.2. Only bolt assemblies of classes 8.8 and 10.9 may be used as preloaded bolts.Proof load is defined as the maximum tensile force that can be applied to a bolt that will not result in plastic deformation. A material must remain in its elastic region when loaded up to its proof load typically between 85-95% of the yield strength. Acceptable clamp load is typically 75% of proof load. The bearing resistance of the bolt F b,Rd should be verified against the applied shear load F v,Ed in accordance with EN1993-1-8 Table 3.4: v is a coefficient that takes values α v = 0.6 for bolt classes 4.6, 5.6, 8.8 or α v = 0.5 for bolt classes 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 and 10.9. When the shear plane passes through the unthreaded part of the bolt α v = 0.6.

They have a proof load of 970 MPa, minimum yield strength of 1100 MPa, and a minimum tensile strength of 1220 MPa. Class 12.9 bolts come in sizes ranging from 1.6 mm to 100 mm. The smallest or largest pitch diameter that fits onto a screw or into a nut, including all of the form deviations such as lead, thread angle, taper, and roundness. Functional diameter is a measure of the ability to assemble the thread. Compare the bolts you have with the diagrams below, then refer to the appropriate chart to see the ideal tightening torque. Metric Bolt Torque ChartThe tensile stress area A s corresponds to the reduced cross-sectional area inside the threaded part of the bolt. where e 1 is the distance between the center of the end bolt and the end of the plate measured parallel to the load direction, p 1 is the distance between the centers of neighboring bolts measured parallel to the load direction, and d 0 is the diameter of the bolt hole. For standard coarse pitch thread and fine pitch thread bolts the nominal stress area A s is provided in ISO 898-1 Tables 4 to 7. For full table with more Property Classes - rotate the screen! Metric Bolts - Fine Threads - Minimum Ultimate Tensile Loads Thread The resulting hole diameter d 0 for each type of hole (normal, oversize, short slotted, long slotted) is determined by adding the nominal clearance given in EN 1090-2 Table 11 to the nominal diameter d of the bolt.

For full table with more Property Classes - rotate the screen! Metric Bolts - Coarse Threads - Proof Loads Thread The design shear resistance of bolts F v,Rd as given in EN1993-1-8 Table 3.4 is only valid when the bolt is used in holes with nominal clearance not exceeding the values given in the standard EN 1090-2 'Requirements for the execution of steel structures', as specified in EN1993-1-8 §3.6.1(4). For typical coarse pitch thread bolts the standard sizes are: M3, M3.5, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M10, M12, M14, M16, M18, M20, M22, M24, M27, M30, M33, M36, M39.They have a proof load of 830 MPa, minimum yield strength of 940 MPa, and a minimum tensile strength of 1040 MPa. Class 10.9 bolts come in sizes ranging from 5 mm to 100 mm. The calculated strength properties for coarse pitch thread bolts may be used conservatively for fine pitch thread bolts. According to EN1993-1-8 Table 3.4 the shear strength of the bolt may be based on the tensile stress area. A raised, helical rib or ridge around the interior or exterior of a cylindrically shaped object. Threads are found on screws, nuts, and bolts. They are often used to secure engines and drives, alongside a host of other demanding applications.

The yield strength f yb and the ultimate tensile strength f ub for bolt classes 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8, and 10.9 are given in EN1993-1-8 Table 3.1.

Bearing strength of bolts

According to EN1993-1-8 § 3.8(1) for long joints where the distance between the centers of the end fasteners measured in the direction of load transfer is more than 15 d the design shear resistance F v,Rd of all the fasteners should be multiplied by the reduction factor β Lf specified in EN1993-1-8 equation 3.5.